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Friday, May 10, 2013

Jogger's Death Blamed On 4 Pit Bulls

PALMDALE, Calif. ? Authorities on Friday tried to determine whether pit bulls seized at an alleged marijuana growing house are the same dogs that mauled to death a runner in a Mojave Desert community.

Los Angeles County sheriff's homicide investigators had not announced any DNA match between the six pit bulls seized Thursday and the four believed to have mauled to death the 63-year-old woman in the high desert neighborhood of Littlerock earlier in the day, Deputy Guillermina Saldana said.

A woman in a car saw the dogs attacking the runner Thursday morning in the area 65 miles northeast of Los Angeles. The driver called 911 and honked her horn to try to get the dogs to stop, sheriff's Lt. John Corina said.

An arriving deputy saw a single dog still attacking the jogger and tried to chase it off, Corina said.

"The dog ran off into the desert, then turned around and attacked the deputy," who took a shot at the animal before it ran off, Corina said.

The woman died in an ambulance on the way to a hospital, said Evelina Villa, county animal control spokeswoman.

Her name had not been released by early Friday and the coroner's office still was trying to determine the specific cause of death.

Later Thursday, sheriff's and animal control officials served a search warrant on a home near the site of the attack and took away eight dogs, six of them pit bulls and two of them of mixed breeds.

A 29-year-old man from the house was arrested on suspicion of cultivating marijuana.

It was unclear whether the dogs that attacked the woman had collars or owners.

"In these areas, you might have a situation where people dump animals out in rural areas," said John Mlynar, a spokesman for the nearby city of Palmdale.

People living near the site of the attack said stray dogs constantly roam the area and have attacked people before.

"It's really scary," Diane Huffman, of Littlerock, told KABC-TV. "I don't know what to think. I really think I'm going to be getting a gun to protect myself."

The jogger's death was the latest of at least five deadly dog attacks in California in the past two years.

Last month, Claudia Gallardo, 38, of Stockton, was mauled to death by a pit bull in the front yard of a home where the dog lived.

In February, Elsie Grace, 91, of Hemet, was killed by a pair of pit bulls at a motel.

In June 2011, two pit bulls escaped from their yard and mauled a neighbor in her San Diego backyard. Emako Mendoza, 75, suffered arm and leg amputations before dying months later. The dog's two owners were convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

In June 2012, an 8-month-old boy, Tyzhel Latella McWilliams, was mauled to death by a pit bull at a home in Lemon Grove, near San Diego.

Also on HuffPost:

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/10/jogger-death-pit-bulls_n_3249309.html

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Thursday, May 9, 2013

U.S. charges eight in $45 million cyber crime scheme

By Jessica Dye, Joseph Ax and Jim Finkle

NEW YORK/BOSTON (Reuters) - In one of the biggest ever bank heists, a global cyber crime ring stole $45 million from two Middle Eastern banks by hacking into their credit card processing firms and withdrawing money from ATMs in 27 countries, U.S. prosecutors said on Thursday.

New York federal prosecutors accused eight men of allegedly forming the New York-based cell of the organization, and said seven of them have been arrested. The eighth defendant was reported to have been murdered in the Dominican Republic on April 27, according to U.S. prosecutors.

He was allegedly a leader of the cell and reported to ringleaders believed to be outside the United States.

"In the place of guns and masks, this cyber crime organization used laptops and the Internet," U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York Loretta Lynch said at a news conference. "Moving as swiftly as data over the Internet, the organization worked its way from the computer systems of international corporations to the streets of New York City."

The case demonstrates the major threat that cyber crime poses to banks around the world. Prosecutors said the international crime ring used an attack known as "Unlimited Operations" in the cyber underworld.

According to the complaint, they used sophisticated hacking techniques to break into the computers of two credit card processors, one in India in December 2012 and the other in the United States this February. The complaint did not identify the companies.

In both cases, the hackers increased the available balance and eliminated the withdrawal limits on prepaid MasterCard debit cards issued by Bank of Muscat of Oman, and National Bank of Ras Al Khaimah PSC (RAKBANK) of the United Arab Emirates.

They then allegedly distributed counterfeit debit cards to the New York cell and other teams around the world - known as "cashers" - enabling them to siphon millions of dollars from ATMs in a matter of hours, according to the complaint.

Cashers pulled some $40 million during the Bank of Muscat operation and stole another $5 million during the RAKBANK operation, prosecutors said. In total, cashers made some 40,500 withdrawals in 27 countries during the two coordinated incidents.

Representatives for the two banks could not be reached for comment outside of regular business hours.

In late February, Bank Muscat disclosed that it would take an impairment charge of up to 15 million rials ($39 million) because it had been defrauded overseas by 12 prepaid debit cards used for travel. That charge was equal to more than half of the 25 million rials profit it posted in its first quarter ended March 31.

HIGHLY SKILLED HACKERS

Cyber experts said they believe the operation likely required the work of several hundred people, at least several of whom were highly skilled hackers capable of devising ways to penetrate well-protected financial systems.

"Hackers only need to find one vulnerability to cause millions of dollars of damage," said Mark Rasch, a former federal cyber crimes prosecutor, based in Bethesda, Maryland.

A single account number, for instance, yielded nearly $9 million in profits, including an alleged $2.4 million from the cell in New York City, prosecutors said.

The eight defendants - all U.S. citizens and residents of Yonkers, New York - were charged with withdrawing cash from the ATMs and transporting money, not hacking into the credit card processing firms or managing the operation.

The seven arrested are: Jael Mejia Collado, Joan Luis Minier Lara, Evan Jose Pe?a, Jose Familia Reyes, Elvis Rafael Rodriguez, Emir Yasser Yeje and Chung Yu-Holguin (known as "Chino El Abusador"). All except for Rodriguez were arraigned on Thursday and pleaded not guilty. Rodriguez's attorney was unavailable. Only Pena has been released on bail.

The defendant, who reportedly had been killed was Alberto Yusi Lajud-Pe?a, also known as "Prime" and "Albertico." Lynch said it was unclear whether the murder was related to this case.

Prosecutors said cashers often laundered their proceeds by purchasing luxury goods, and sending a portion of the money back to the organization's leaders. They said they seized hundreds of thousands of dollars in cash and bank accounts, as well as two Rolex watches and a Mercedes SUV, from the New York defendants.

Investigators said that they found an email exchange with an account associated with a criminal money laundering operation in St. Petersburg, Russia, describing wire transfers.

An investigation is ongoing to see if other cells are operating in the country, Lynch said, adding that U.S. law enforcement had worked with counterparts in Japan, Canada, Germany, Romania, the United Arab Emirates, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Italy, Spain, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Latvia, Estonia, Thailand, and Malaysia to uncover the ring.

No individual bank accounts were compromised by the scheme, Lynch said.

(Editing by Noeleen Walder, Tiffany Wu and Leslie Gevirtz)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-charges-eight-45-million-cybercrime-scheme-153054954.html

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Fungus in Capri Sun? Yes, but so what?

Yes, scientists found five types of fungus in Capri Sun beverages after consumers reported finding mats of mold in the popular kids' drinks. But they're mostly harmless.

By Rachael Rettner,?MyHealthNewsDaily.com / May 2, 2013

Five types of fungus have been identified in the popular kids' juice drink Capri Sun, researchers say.

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The study was spurred by reports of consumers finding mold ? mats of fungus consisting of millions of cells ? in the drink.

While the findings have an "ick" factor, the fungi probably aren't harmful to most people, said study researcher Kathleen Dannelly, associate professor microbiology at Indiana State University. Fungi are all around us ? in the soil, air, and even on our skin and inside our digestive tract ? but they are generally kept in check by our immune systems.

"Probably, those of us with healthy immune systems, we could even eat that, and that wouldn?t be a problem," Dannelly said, referring to the fungal mats in Capri Sun.

However, for people with compromised immune systems, such as those with AIDS, leukemia or cystic fibrosis, fungus exposure may be a health concern, Dannelly said.

For instance, the fungus Aspergillus is found in air, and most people breathe it in without problems.

Kraft, which manufactures Capri Sun, acknowledges that mold can grow in the drink, but says such reports are not common.

"Since there are no preservatives in our drinks, mold can grow, especially in a leaking pouch," Kraft says on its Capri Sun frequently asked questions website.

During the manufacturing process, the drinks are heated to temperatures that exceed those used for pasteurization. But punctures in the products' package ? even microscopic ones ? can allow air inside the package, and mold to grow, Kraft says. Fungi need oxygen to grow, Dannelly said.

Capri Sun packages have a shelf life of about a year. The company urges consumers to discard leaking or damaged packages.

In the new study, the researchers filtered Capri Sun through filter paper, and then checked whether any microorganisms were left behind on the paper. The juice contained just a few fungal cells, which grew in laboratory dishes.

Dannelly said if this experiment was done on any juice after it was opened and left in the refrigerator, she would expect both fungus and bacteria to grow.

In a second experiment, the researchers, including Leah Horn, an undergraduate biology major, punctured Capri Sun packages with a sterile needle to mimic damage to the product. When left in a sterile environment for three weeks, fungal mats grew in the juice.

A problem with Capri Sun is that the packages are not see-through, so unlike mold on bread or cheese, consumers can't tell when Capri Sun goes bad.

Kraft said it tried creating clear packages for Capri Sun, but stopped making the packages after it created manufacturing problems.

The company said it will not add preservatives to the product because their customers don't want this. Preservatives give food a longer shelf life, but some, such as the preservative nitrite, have been linked to an increased risk of certain cancers.

Dannelly said there are some natural preservatives, such as citric acid, which are not harmful and could be added to the product (although it would make the product more acidic).

"If you're going to have a package you can't see through, I think you need to do something," Dannelly said.

The study has not yet been published in a peer reviewed journal, but the researchers plan to submit the work for publication.

Pass it on: Five types of fungus have been found in Capri Sun, but they are likely not harmful.

Follow Rachael Rettner @RachaelRettner. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily @MyHealth_MHND, Facebook & Google+. Originally published on MyHealthNewsDaily.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/1U09avC1XZY/Fungus-in-Capri-Sun-Yes-but-so-what

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'Two and a Half Men' needs Charlie Sheen

Will Harris TODAY contributor

6 hours ago

CBS

Charlie Sheen needs to come back to "Two and a Half Men"!

It?s no secret that Charlie Sheen is open to returning to his former hit sitcom, ?Two and a Half Men.? He said as much when he appeared on ?The Late Show with David Letterman? in January, telling the host he?d actually like to come back as bachelor Charlie Harper whenever the comedy takes its final bow.

Given that ?Men? got the go-ahead for an eleventh season on April 26, that swan song obviously won?t be taking place anytime soon. But that affords the show?s writers plenty of time to come up with a way to bring Charlie?s return to fruition. (After all, they did kill off his character after the actor?s very public spat with show boss Chuck Lorre.)

While they consider the possibilities, we?ve got a few reasons why it wouldn?t be a bad idea to have the actor back for more than just the series finale.

Kathy Bates looks nothing like Charlie Sheen.
Not that the talented Ms. Bates didn?t do everything within her power to channel Charlie Harper when she stepped into his shoes early in season 10 to play his spirit, but, c?mon, really? Nice try, but no dice. If anyone?s going to embody the spirit of Charlie Harper, it?s got to be the man who originated the role.

The old 'Has anyone ever told you that you look just like ...?' gag is always funny.
Not that the series hasn?t been guilty of recycling before, but having already done the Charlie?s-spirit-returns story line, Sheen could come back and play a different character altogether, with shenanigans ensuing whenever someone mistakes him for Charlie Harper. Bonus: a possible tie-in with CBS?s occasional reality series, "I Get That a Lot."

Everybody loves a drunk. And a Casanova.
Not that we?re encouraging alcoholism or promiscuity, nor do we want to put Sheen in a position where he?s imitating behavior onscreen that played a role in his personal downfall in the first place, but ... well, we don?t know how to finish that sentence. Maybe it?s because of all the experience he brings to the table, but Sheen played those particular tendencies to comedic perfection, and the show hasn?t been the same without his take on them.

Less need for feeble excuses to bring in Charlie?s exes, old pharmacist, or anyone else heused to know.
Right now, bringing in someone like, say, Martin Mull, who played the pharmacist, feels like the desperate act of a show trying to rekindle brief moments from its glory days. Pretending that rumors of Charlie?s death have been greatly exaggerated would instantly allow for anyone who?s ever had a connection to him to return for a guest spot without it feeling like quite so much of a stretch.

Better use of Charlie Sheen again.
You can?t say "Anger Management" executive producer Bruce Helford hasn?t been giving it the old college try, but more often than not, Sheen's new vehicle on FX isn't giving him the chance to bring his A game.

Better story lines and character interaction all around.
One wouldn?t think the show would need a creative kick in the butt so soon after bringing in Ashton Kutcher to play Alan?s new roommate, na?ve Internet billionaire Walden Schmidt, but everything feels so forced now. (OK, so it sometimes felt forced before.) As soon as Sheen stepped out of the picture, the family dynamic that drove the show began to flounder and fall apart, putting an utterly unrelatable character ? yes, we?re talking about you, Mr. Internet Billionaire ? at the center of too many episodes. While a Sheen return might not fix everything that?s wrong with the sitcom, it?s hard to envision a scenario where the writers wouldn?t be reinvigorated by the challenge of re-incorporating the actor.

The Sheen/Cryer chemistry was unmatched.
No matter what's gone on in the past, the onscreen interaction between Sheen and "Men" star Jon Cryer is always going to be miles better than the new Cryer/Kutcher combo. You can call the comedy lowbrow, but you can?t say the two original "Men" didn?t play off each other well.

Someone needs to take Kutcher down a peg anyway.
Seriously, what kind of world do we live in where anyone gets a reported $700,000 an episode to appear on a TV series, particularly one that?s going into its eleventh season?

Redemption!
For all of Sheen's sins ? and there were plenty of them ? the actor isn't going to find total salvation until he?s able to deliver a proper goodbye to the series. The man has come a long way since his public meltdown, and whether it?s for another season or just a single episode, he deserves the opportunity to bid adieu to ?Two and a Half Men.?

All CBS has to do is give him one more chance.

The season finale of "Two and a Half Men" airs Thursday night at 8:30 p.m.

Source: http://www.today.com/entertainment/9-reasons-why-two-half-men-needs-charlie-sheen-1C9840874

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Friday, May 3, 2013

Lawyer for Jodi Arias makes closing arguments

Defendant Jodi Arias listens to prosecutor Juan Martinez makes his closing arguments during her trial at Maricopa County Superior Court in Phoenix on Thursday, May 2, 2013. Arias is charged with first-degree murder in the stabbing and shooting death of Travis Alexander, 30, in his suburban Phoenix home in June 2008. (The Arizona Republic, Rob Schumacher, Pool)

Judge Sherry Stephens reads the jury instructions before prosecutor Juan Martinez makes his closing arguments in Jodi Arias' muder trial at Maricopa County Superior Court in Phoenix on Thursday, May 2, 2013. Jurors deciding the fate of Jodi Arias will be allowed to consider the lesser charge of manslaughter. (AP Photo/The Arizona Republic, Rob Schumacher, Pool)

Prosecutor Juan Martinez makes his closing arguments in Jodi Arias' muder trial at Maricopa County Superior Court in Phoenix on Thursday, May 2, 2013. Arias is charged with first-degree murder in the stabbing and shooting death of Travis Alexander, 30, in his suburban Phoenix home in June 2008. (AP Photo/The Arizona Republic, Rob Schumacher, Pool)

Defense attorney Kirk Nurmi listens to prosecutor Juan Martinez makes his closing arguments during the Jodi Arias trial at Maricopa County Superior Court in Phoenix on Thursday, May 2, 2013. Arias is charged with first-degree murder in the stabbing and shooting death of Travis Alexander, 30, in his suburban Phoenix home in June 2008. (AP Photo/The Arizona Republic, Rob Schumacher, Pool)

PHOENIX (AP) ? A lawyer for Jodi Arias began his closing argument Friday by imploring jurors to take an impartial view of the case and his client ? even if they don't like her.

Arias smiled broadly when defense lawyer Kirk Nurmi told the jury: "It's not about whether or not you like Jodi Arias. Nine days out of 10, I don't like Jodi Arias. ... But that doesn't matter."

Arias said she killed Travis Alexander in self-defense, but prosecutors say it was an act of first-degree murder that could bring the death penalty. Arias hopes the jury, at the most, convicts her of second-degree murder, punishable by 10 to 25 years in prison. The jury also has the option of manslaughter, which carries a sentence of seven to 21 years.

Nurmi said the case can be summed up with the words "fear, sex, lies and dirty little secrets."

The trial has become a tabloid and cable TV sensation with its graphic tales of sex and lies and has attracted spectators from around the country who line up as early as 2 a.m. for a chance to score a few open seats in the courtroom.

Arias, 32, is charged with first-degree murder in the June 2008 death of her one-time boyfriend at his suburban Phoenix home. Authorities say she planned the attack on Travis Alexander after he wanted to end their relationship and prepared for a trip to Mexico with another woman.

Arias initially denied any involvement then later blamed it on masked intruders. Two years after her arrest, she said she killed him in self-defense when he attacked her after a day of sex.

Arias wept and looked away from jurors Thursday as prosecutor Juan Martinez concluded his closing arguments by displaying a gruesome photo of Alexander's back, covered in stab wounds, while describing her as a manipulative liar who meticulously planned the savage attack.

He pounded his hand on a table, raising his voice occasionally but largely speaking in an almost whisper-like tone. Martinez said Arias lied from the start and is still lying, and hoped to fool the jury into believing she is the victim.

"That's what she wants you to believe," Martinez said, the photo of Alexander's dead body displayed on a large screen behind him. "But actually, in reality, it's this," he said, motioning toward the autopsy picture.

The images displayed Thursday, one after another, of Alexander's decomposed body covered in stab wounds, of his bruised face with a gunshot wound above the forehead, of the bloody scene of the killing, were too much for Alexander's friends and family members. They sobbed and buried their faces in their hands.

"This is an individual who will stop at nothing, and who will continue to be manipulative and will lie at every turn," Martinez told jurors.

Alexander suffered nearly 30 knife wounds, was shot in the head, and had his throat slit. Arias' palm print was found in blood at the scene, along with nude photos of her and the victim from the day of the killing.

Arias said Alexander grew physically abusive in the months before she killed him, but there was no evidence or testimony during the trial to corroborate her allegations.

The defense has portrayed Alexander as a cheating womanizer who used Arias for sex and abused her physically and emotionally. Prosecutors depicted Arias as an obsessed ex-girlfriend who couldn't come to grips with the ending relationship.

Martinez told jurors that Arias had been stalking Alexander and arrived unannounced on the day she killed him, sneaking into his home at about 4 a.m. The two went to sleep together, then awoke and had sex.

At some point, Martinez said, Arias decided it was time to carry out her murderous plan.

Martinez displayed text messages that Alexander and Arias exchanged about a week before the killing.

"I want you to understand how evil I think you are," Alexander wrote to her.

The key to a first-degree murder conviction lies with intent, and Martinez said repeatedly that Arias planned the killing well in advance.

Arias' grandparents had reported a .25 caliber handgun stolen from their Northern California home about a week before Alexander's death ? the same caliber used to shoot him. Arias was staying with them at the time, and the burglary occurred two days after the text messages that indicated Alexander no longer wanted anything to do with her.

Arias said she recalls Alexander attacking her in a fury on the day he died. She said she ran into his closet to retrieve a gun he kept on a shelf and fired in self-defense but has no memory of stabbing him. There has been no evidence presented that Alexander owned a gun, and the weapons used in the killing have never been found. Arias said she disposed of the gun in the desert.

"This is a meticulous approach to premeditation," Martinez told jurors. "This is a meticulous approach to killing."

Nurmi disputed that contention. He asked the jury why she would steal the gun and stage a robbery when she could have just taken a weapon.

Arias' demeanor changed as the day went on. She began unemotionally scribbling notes with a pencil, even flashing a smirk as the prosecutor described her apparently faking an orgasm on a phone sex chat with Alexander that was played for jurors. She gently shook her head on another occasion. But once Martinez got to the photos, Arias was in tears.

"It's like a field of lies that has sprouted up around her as she sat on the witness stand," Martinez said of Arias' 18 days testifying. "Every time she spat something out, another lie."

___

Brian Skoloff can be followed at https://twitter.com/bskoloff

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-05-03-Boyfriend%20Slaying/id-68de3517a203458daab632d34bdf258c

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Useful Ideas To Boost Your Video Marketing Campaign

Video marketing, while quite new, is also incredibly popular. With the speed of the Internet these days, people are able to download things much quicker. Take advantage of videos, and use this article to learn about video marketing.

The larger your library of videos, the more success you will have. Your viewers need regular fresh content in order to keep coming back. Making more videos also allows you to gain exposure and strengthen your online presence by attracting new customers.

20 Minutes

TIP! To help make your videos go viral, offer great content. There is no need to own the most expensive equipment to attract a huge audience.

You should keep your videos under 20 minutes. If you are using the video to perform a demonstration or step-by-step guide, give yourself as much time as possible, even up to 20 minutes, to ensure that you fit everything in. Simply talking to the audience to keep them informed or advertise a deal should not go over 10 minutes.

Video marketing is characterized by the short period in which you must grab the attention of viewers. Your videos? first 10 seconds should be solid. This is the place to have a unique perspective and hook the viewer.

Among the most frequently performed online searches is ?how-to? do some particular thing or another. Having tutorial videos creates an avenue for those who search in your niche to find you. Once your expertise is shown, viewers will be inclined to explore more of your site.

TIP! You do not need to spend a fortune to create a high quality video. You don?t need professional gear if you can keep the image focused and balanced.

Your videos can also promote the rest of your marketing mix. If a viewer stumbles across your work on YouTube, they may not know where else to find you. When you let everyone know where they can find you on the social networking sites, your business will gain more exposure. Social media sites linked to your video sites can really increase traffic and business.

Use all the information from your previous video before beginning your new one. Using the information you have, you?ll be able to make better videos in the future.

Just posting a video on YouTube or another site is not enough to make it go viral. You must promote it via social media, your website and by emailing family and friends. You must spread the word about the video so that people will know it?s out there. Otherwise, they won?t know it exists, so it can?t go viral.

TIP! Keep your messages clear in your videos. Prepare yourself so you do not wander off topic.

Moderate Comments

Be ready to moderate comments to any marketing video that you upload to YouTube. Some viewers get their opinions by looking at what others have said. Therefore, if there is negative feedback, your campaign may suffer. If you cannot moderate comments, you may want to disable them.

Keep your videos succinct. Do not let your videos go longer than 3 minutes, because otherwise you might start losing viewers along the way. Unless your video is super interesting and engaging, keep it to under five minutes at most. Brevity and concision should be your goals.

TIP! Keep content fresh so that viewers return frequently. Do not expect viewers to watch your videos and subscribe to your campaign if your content is not interesting enough.

Each and every video should include a clear call to action at some point. Let people know where they can get your products from. Also, let them know that they should act fast in order to get them. Be very clear and concise in your instructions about what they need to do next so they can take action immediately. Specific, bold calls to action are smart ways to conclude your videos.

In addition to posting your video on YouTube, embed it on your website. While existing customers may not visit YouTube to see your video, they will be able to see and watch it if it is on your site. This won?t lose you views. Google counts and combines views from wherever they are posted.

Video Marketing

TIP! People just want you to be honest with them. When you come across as honest and sincere, people naturally like and trust you.

Video marketing is pretty simple. In order to succeed at this form of marketing, all you really need is some knowledge on the subject. When you?ve done your research, you?re ready to begin using video marketing. Simply go do the work now!

Get your free website analysis (valued at $97) ? 1-888-513-5974 (tell us that you seen our ad on the website)

Source: http://4thgc.com/useful-ideas-to-boost-your-video-marketing-campaign/

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Printable functional 'bionic' ear melds electronics and biology

May 1, 2013 ? Scientists at Princeton University used off-the-shelf printing tools to create a functional ear that can "hear" radio frequencies far beyond the range of normal human capability.

The researchers' primary purpose was to explore an efficient and versatile means to merge electronics with tissue. The scientists used 3D printing of cells and nanoparticles followed by cell culture to combine a small coil antenna with cartilage, creating what they term a bionic ear.

"In general, there are mechanical and thermal challenges with interfacing electronic materials with biological materials," said Michael McAlpine, an assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton and the lead researcher. "Previously, researchers have suggested some strategies to tailor the electronics so that this merger is less awkward. That typically happens between a 2D sheet of electronics and a surface of the tissue. However, our work suggests a new approach -- to build and grow the biology up with the electronics synergistically and in a 3D interwoven format."

McAlpine's team has made several advances in recent years involving the use of small-scale medical sensors and antenna. Last year, a research effort led by McAlpine and Naveen Verma, an assistant professor of electrical engineering, and Fio Omenetto of Tufts University, resulted in the development of a "tattoo" made up of a biological sensor and antenna that can be affixed to the surface of a tooth.

This project, however, is the team's first effort to create a fully functional organ: one that not only replicates a human ability, but extends it using embedded electronics.

"The design and implementation of bionic organs and devices that enhance human capabilities, known as cybernetics, has been an area of increasing scientific interest," the researchers wrote in the article which appears in the scholarly journal Nano Letters. "This field has the potential to generate customized replacement parts for the human body, or even create organs containing capabilities beyond what human biology ordinarily provides."

Standard tissue engineering involves seeding types of cells, such as those that form ear cartilage, onto a scaffold of a polymer material called a hydrogel. However, the researchers said that this technique has problems replicating complicated three dimensional biological structures. Ear reconstruction "remains one of the most difficult problems in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery," they wrote.

To solve the problem, the team turned to a manufacturing approach called 3D printing. These printers use computer-assisted design to conceive of objects as arrays of thin slices. The printer then deposits layers of a variety of materials -- ranging from plastic to cells -- to build up a finished product. Proponents say additive manufacturing promises to revolutionize home industries by allowing small teams or individuals to create work that could previously only be done by factories.

Creating organs using 3D printers is a recent advance; several groups have reported using the technology for this purpose in the past few months. But this is the first time that researchers have demonstrated that 3D printing is a convenient strategy to interweave tissue with electronics.

The technique allowed the researchers to combine the antenna electronics with tissue within the highly complex topology of a human ear. The researchers used an ordinary 3D printer to combine a matrix of hydrogel and calf cells with silver nanoparticles that form an antenna. The calf cells later develop into cartilage.

Manu Mannoor, a graduate student in McAlpine's lab and the paper's lead author, said that additive manufacturing opens new ways to think about the integration of electronics with biological tissue and makes possible the creation of true bionic organs in form and function. He said that it may be possible to integrate sensors into a variety of biological tissues, for example, to monitor stress on a patient's knee meniscus.

David Gracias, an associate professor at Johns Hopkins and co-author on the publication, said that bridging the divide between biology and electronics represents a formidable challenge that needs to be overcome to enable the creation of smart prostheses and implants.

"Biological structures are soft and squishy, composed mostly of water and organic molecules, while conventional electronic devices are hard and dry, composed mainly of metals, semiconductors and inorganic dielectrics," he said. "The differences in physical and chemical properties between these two material classes could not be any more pronounced."

The finished ear consists of a coiled antenna inside a cartilage structure. Two wires lead from the base of the ear and wind around a helical "cochlea" -- the part of the ear that senses sound -- which can connect to electrodes. Although McAlpine cautions that further work and extensive testing would need to be done before the technology could be used on a patient, he said the ear in principle could be used to restore or enhance human hearing. He said electrical signals produced by the ear could be connected to a patient's nerve endings, similar to a hearing aid. The current system receives radio waves, but he said the research team plans to incorporate other materials, such as pressure-sensitive electronic sensors, to enable the ear to register acoustic sounds.

In addition to McAlpine, Verma, Mannoor and Gracias the research team includes: Winston Soboyejo, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton; Karen Malatesta, a faculty fellow in molecular biology at Princeton; Yong Lin Kong, a graduate student in mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton; and Teena James, a graduate student in chemical and biomolecular engineering at Johns Hopkins.

The team also included Ziwen Jiang, a high school student at the Peddie School in Hightstown who participated as part of an outreach program for young researchers in McAlpine's lab.

"Ziwen Jiang is one of the most spectacular high school students I have ever seen," McAlpine said. "We would not have been able to complete this project without him, particularly in his skill at mastering CAD designs of the bionic ears."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Princeton University, Engineering School, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

Journal Reference:

Manu S Mannoor, Ziwen Jiang, Teena James, Yong Lin Kong, Karen A Malatesta, Winston Soboyejo, Naveen Verma, David H Gracias, Michael C. McAlpine. A 3D Printed Bionic Ear. Nano Letters, 2013; : 130501101451003 DOI: 10.1021/nl4007744

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/zUICGgK3jVo/130501193208.htm

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